line change specifics

Question
Hello there!

I am an amateur spectator and have been starting to enjoy watching the NHL. I was just wondering:

1) How do the players know and communicate a line change? Do they have sounds/hand signals? It just seems that it would be difficult to watch/communicate with the bench while keeping their eyes on the opponent in a game that goes 100 miles per hour!

2) What is the average/preferred amount of time that any player is typically on the ice before they get tired and would like a sub? Can you recall any records where a player has been on the ice for too long because the opposing team kept them busy?

3) What are the rules for "too many men on the ice" penalties? Do they have to be perfect in line changes where one guy steps over the wall EXACTLY when a tired player exits the ice? It seems to me that would be very difficult!

Thank you for your time! I really think hockey is an intriguing sport because it combines the grace and strategy of chess with the physicality of football while going super fast!

I appreciate any help!

Sincerely, Joe

Answer
Hello Joe - sort for slow reply - my son got married over weekend...  Family just leaving now!

1. The coach will usually signal the line change with a "change em up" type of shout.  Most guys won't last more that 90 seconds if they are working real hard.  If they aren't, they may get benched!!

2. 90 seconds is ideal average - of course some will stay longer if in "trouble" in their own zone or "on a roll" in the offensive zone.  Many times this can happen!

3. a player is not suppose to jump on before the other player arrives at the bench -- there is sometimes a 6' grace...  it happens fast indeed.

it is a GREAT sport - feel free to follow up with any more questions!

THANK YOU!

martial